Although computer software has simplified it in some ways, the circuit board design process remains quite complex. Designers must select and place components with great precision. Otherwise, a printed circuit board might overheat or exceed the dimensions of its housing. The design process typically involves about six major steps:
1. First, a technician or engineer must clearly define a pcb manufacturing‘s purpose and determine if a printed board is truly needed. Most electronics benefit from using one or more PCBs, but they aren’t necessary for some simple devices. If only a few components are involved, the designer may compare the cost of separate wires with that of a PCB.
2. The next step is to identify the limitations that apply to a project and estimate the circuit board size. If the dimensions of the enclosure have already been established, the PCB must be small enough to fit inside and leave adequate space for heat dissipation. The input voltage and operating temperature range also need to be defined.
3. After identifying basic constraints, designers research the appropriate components and draw their symbols on a detailed schematic. Computer software makes it easy to place these symbols and move them around. A schematic shows how all of the functions work and assigns numbers to any pins.
4. When the schematic is complete, a separate diagram of the circuit must be developed. It includes measurements and shows the exact placement of components. Either diagram can be used to make a detailed list of the necessary parts. These lists include precise voltage and ohm specifications.
5. Engineers must carefully assess each circuit board design for problems with heat, electrical interference or manufacturing costs. Computerized simulations can reveal some types of errors. Designers may minimize production expenses by requesting the same size for every drilled hole on a board. They can also identify ways to use less expensive parts.
6. Finally, manufacturing data must be generated before a prototype is constructed. These files provide the manufacturer with precise instructions, including details on where to drill each hole. Technicians need to thoroughly test the prototype. This kind of testing is more expensive than a simulation but ensures greater accuracy.
If simulations or prototype tests reveal problems, engineers must modify their designs and perform further testing. Otherwise, the manufacturing process can begin. Some businesses choose to produce printed circuit boards using their own equipment. Others benefit from economies of scale by paying larger companies to make them.